UU.| 

•691,1  . . . . 

So8dr2 

I  _  Southern 

Yellow  Pine 

Timbers 

INCLUDING  DEFINITION  OF  THE 

“Density  Rule** 

Authorized  Reprint  from  the  Copyrighted  Standards  of 
the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 


APPROVED  AND  ADOPTED  BY  THE 

Southern  Pine  Association 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


JANUARY  1,  1917 

Supersedes  all  previous  issues. 


UNIVERSITY  OF 

Illinois  library 
AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. 
BQQKSTACKS 


Standard  Specifications  for  Grades  of 
Southern  Yellow  Pine  Lumber,  not  includ¬ 
ing  Grades  of  Timbers,  are  published  in  a 
separate  book  which  may  be  obtained 
upon  application  to  the 


SOUTHERN  PINE  ASSOCIATION 
New  Orleans,  La. 


*>9l.\ 

5*  yjh'Z 


Southern 
Yellow  Pine 
Timber  Grades 


The  Grades  of  Timbers  are  as  follows: 

Page 


Heart  Timbers . 13 

No.  1  Common  Timbers . 13 

Square  Edge  and  Sound  Timbers . 15 

Merchantable  Timbers . 15 

Select  Structural  Material . 17 


0Bf 

IT  HAS  been  recognized  for  a  good 
many  years  by  both  the  manufactur¬ 
ers  and  consumers  of  Southern  Yellow 
Pine  that  a  constructive  and  simple 
method  for  classifying  various  classes  of 
southern  yellow  pine  for  structural  pur¬ 
poses  would  find  wide  application  and  fill 
a  long  required  need.  The  three  botanical 
species  of  yellow  pine,  namely  long  leaf, 
short  leaf  and  loblolly,  frequently  inter¬ 
grade,  so  far  as  their  density  is  concerned, 
and  much  misunderstanding  has  resulted 
from  time  to  time  because  of  the  lack  of 
a  practical  method  for  determining  wheth¬ 
er  any  particular  class  of  yellow  pine  was 
adapted  for  the  purpose  intended.  Real¬ 
izing  this  condition,  the  Southern  Pine 
Association  has  actively  co-operated  with 
the  United  States  Forest  Service  and  the 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 
for  the ,  purpose  of  finding  some  such 
method  for  distinguishing  the  various 
classes  of  pine  for  structural  purposes. 
The  American  Society  for  Testing  Mate¬ 
rials  made  a  preliminary  suggestion  for 
grading  the  southern  pines  in  its  report 
3 


fit  Ur 


PREFACE^'* 


for  1909.  The  rule  proposed  was  based 
on  the  number  of  rings  per  inch.  This 
rule  was  widely  used,  but  was  found  too 
indefinite  for  final  adoption. 

As  a  result  of  careful  study  of  many 
trees  of  all  species,  a  method  was  devised 
by  the  United  States  Forest  Service, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  Southern  Pine 
Association  in  January,  1915,  and  which 
was  presented  in  detail  to  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials  at  its 
annual  convention  and  subsequently 
adopted  by  the  Society  as  standard  in 
August,  1915. 

Based  on  this  density  rule,  a  new 
classification  for  structural  yellow  pine 
timbers  has  been  established  which  elimi¬ 
nates  the  names  “long  leaf,”  “short  leaf” 
and  “loblolly”  pines.  The  new  rule  pro¬ 
vides  two  classes:  Dense  Southern  Yel¬ 
low  Pine  and  Sound  Southern  Yellow 
Pine.  Dense  Southern  Yellow  Pine  in¬ 
cludes  the  best  pieces  of  what  has  hitherto 
been  known  as  long  leaf  pine,  and  ex¬ 
cludes  the  occasional  pieces  of  inferior 
quality,  for  structural  purposes.  It  also 
includes  those  pieces  of  short  leaf  pine, 
Cuban  pine  and  loblolly  pines,  which,  be¬ 
cause  of  their  density  and  high  percent¬ 
age  of  summer  wood,  are  equal  in  strength 
to  long  leaf  pine,  as  shown  from  numerous 

4 


tests  by  the  United  States  Forest  Service 
and  many  other  well  known  authorities. 

In  the  following  pages  will  be  found 
reprinted  the  designation  for  Southern 
Yellow  Pine  as  adopted  by  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials,  August  21, 
1915,  also  the  specifications  for  the  various 
grades  of  timbers  as  offered  by  the  manu¬ 
facturers  of  Southern  Yellow  Pine  who 
are  Subscribers  to  the 

SOUTHERN  PINE  ASSOCIATION, 
New  Orleans,  La.,  U.S.A. 

January  1,  1917. 


Note:  This  issue  of  Specifications  for 
Southern  Yellow  Pine  Timbers  supersedes 
all  previous  issues. 


5 


DEFINITION  FOR  SOUTHERN 
YELLOW  PINE 


(. Authorized  reprint  from  the  copy¬ 
righted  Standards  of  The  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials,  Philadel¬ 
phia,  Pa.) 

SOUTHERN  YELLOW  PINE.— This 
term  includes  the  species  of  yellow  pine 
growing  in  the  Southern  States  from 
Virginia  to  Texas,  that  is,  the  pines  hith¬ 
erto  known  as  long  leaf  pine  (Pinus  palus- 
tris),  short  leaf  pine  (Pinus  echinata), 
loblolly  pine  (Pinus  taeda),  Cuban  pine 
(Pinus  heterophylla)  and  pond  pine 
(Pinus  serotina). 

Under  this  heading  two  classes  of  tim¬ 
ber  are  designated:  (A)  dense  Southern 
yellow  pine  and  (B)  sound  Southern  yel¬ 
low  pine.  It  is  understood  that  these  two 
terms  are  descriptive  of  quality  rather 
than  of  botanical  species. 

(a)  Dense  Southern  Yellow  Pine  shall 
show  on  either  end  an  average  of  at  least 
six  annual  rings  per  inch  and  at  least  one- 
third  summer  wood,  or  else  the  greater 
number  of  the  rings  shall  show  at  least 
one-third  summer  wood,  all  as  measured 
over  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  inches  of 
a  radial  line  from  the  pith.  Wide-ringed 
material  excluded  by  this  rule  will  be  ac- 
6 


cep  table,  provided  that  the  amount  of 
summer  wood  as  above  measured  shall  be 
at  least  one-half. 

The  contrast  in  color  between  summer 
wood  and  spring  wood  shall  be  sharp  and 
the  summer  wood  shall  be  dark  in  color, 
except  in  pieces  having  considerably 
above  the  minimum  requirement  for  Rum¬ 
mer  wood. 

In  cases  where  timbers  do  not  contain 
the  pith,  and  it  is  impossible  to  locate  it 
with  any  degree  of  accuracy,  the  same 
inspection  shall  be  made  over  3"  on  an 
approximate  radial  line  beginning  at  the 
edge  nearest  the  pith  in  timbers  over  3" 
in  thickness  and  on  the  second  inch  (on 
the  piece)  nearest  to  the  pith  in  timbers 
3"  or  less  in  thickness. 

In  dimension  material  containing  the 
pith  but  not  a  5"  radial  line,  which  is 
less  than  2x8"  in  section  or  less  than  8" 
in  width,  that  does  not  show  over  16 
sq.  in.  on  the  cross-section,  the  inspection 
shall  apply  to  the  second  inch  from  the 
pith.  In  larger  material  that  does  not 
show  a  5"  radial  line  the  inspection  shall 
apply  to  the  three  inches  farthest  from 
the  pith. 

The  radial  line  chosen  shall  be  repre¬ 
sentative.  In  case  of  disagreement  be- 
7 


tween  purchaser  and  seller  the  average 
summer  wood  and  number  of  rings  shall 
be  the  average  of  the  two  radial  lines 
chosen. 

(b)  Sound  Southern  Yellow  Pine  shall 
include  pieces  of  Southern  pine  without 
any  ring  or  summer  wood  requirement. 


8 


BRANDED  TIMBERS 


Proper  service  to  buyers  and  users  of 
Yellow  Pine  timber  demand  correct  grad¬ 
ing,  and  the  branding  or  marking  of  each 
stick  of  timber  showing  its  grade. 

Variation  in  the  individual  character  of 
different  pieces  of  timber  is  responsible 
for  the  difference  in  strength.  Structur¬ 
ally,  some  are  much  stronger  than  others. 

Owing  to  the  confusion  which  frequent¬ 
ly  results  in  the  proper  classifying  of 
timbers  into  long  leaf,  short  leaf,  lob¬ 
lolly,  etc.,  a  new  rule  has  been  devised 
and  adopted  by  the  American  Society 
for  Testing  Materials  and  known  to 
the  trade  as  the  “Density  Rule”  which 
classifies  all  Southern  Pine  timbers,  irre¬ 
spective  of  botanical  species,  into  two 
classes;  namely  “Dense  Southern  Yellow 
Pine”  and  “Sound  Southern  Yellow 
Pine.” 

Details  and  description  of  these  desig¬ 
nations  will  be  found  in  these  pages. 

The  Southern  Pine  Association  recom¬ 
mends  that  all  timbers  be  branded.  All 
manufacturers  and  dealers  are  urged  to 
brand  their  timbers  in  accordance  with 
the  grades  and  classifications  contained  in 
this  book. 

Southern  Pine  Association. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  January  1,  1917. 

9 


GENERAL  TIMBER 
SPECIFICATIONS 


Southern  Yellow  Pine  Timbers  are 

graded  in  accordance  with  che  several 
rules  herein  described.  The  defects 
enumerated  and  admitted  in  the  various 
grades  are  described  as  follows: 

KNOTS 

(. Adopted  by  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials,  August  21,  1915.) 

1.  Knots  shall  be  classified  as  round 
and  spike  in  form  and  for  quality  as 
sound,  encased,  loose  and  unsound;  knots 
are  also  classed  as  to  size. 

2.  Sound  Knot. — A  sound  knot  is  one 
which  is  solid  across  its  face  and  which  is 
as  hard  as  the  wood  surrounding  it;  it 
may  be  either  red  or  black,  and  is  so 
fixed  by  growth  or  position  that  it  will 
retain  its  place  in  the  piece. 

3.  Loose  Knot. — A  loose  knot  is  one 
not  firmly  held  in  place  by  growth  or 
position. 

4.  Pith  Knot. — A  pith  knot  is  a  sound 
knot  with  a  pith  hole  not  more  than 
inch  in  diameter. 

5.  Encased  Knot. — An  encased  knot 
is  one  whose  growth  rings  are  not  inter- 

10 


grown  and  homogeneous  with  the  growth 
rings  of  the  piece  it.  is  in.  The  encase¬ 
ment  may  be  partial  or  complete;  if  inter- 
grown  partially  or  so  fixed  by  growth  or 
position  that  it  will  retain  its  place  in 
the  piece,  it  shall  be  considered  a  sound 
knot;  if  completely  intergrown  on  one 
face,  it  is  a  watertight  knot. 

6.  Unsound  Knot. — An  unsound  knot 
is  one  not  as  hard  as  the  wood  it  is  in. 

7.  Pin  Knot. — A  pin  knot  is  a  sound 
knot  not  over  ^-inch  in  diameter. 

8.  Standard  Knot. — A  standard  knot 
is  a  sound  knot  not  over  1  inches  in 
diameter. 

9.  Large  Knot. — A  large  knot  is  a 
sound  knot,  more  than  iy  inches  in 
diameter. 

10.  Round  Knot. — A  round  knot  is  one 
which  is  oval  or  circular  in  form. 

11.  Spike  Knot. — A  spike  knot  is  one 
sawn  in  a  lengthwise  direction;  the  mean 
or  average  width  shall  be  considered  in 
measuring  these  knots. 


li 


WANE 


12.  Wane  is  bark,  or  the  lack  of  wood 
from  any  cause,  on  edges  of  timbers. 

SHAKES 

13.  Shakes  are  splits  or  checks  in 
timbers  which  usually  cause  a  separation 
of  the  wood  between  annual  rings. 

14.  Ring  shake :  An  opening  between 
the  annual  rings.  (See  Insert  Fig.  1.) 

15.  Through  shake:  A  shake  which 
extends  between  two  faces  of  a  Limber. 
(See  Insert  Fig.  2.) 

16.  Shakes  nol  here-in-before  described 
unless  known  to  have  extensive  penetra¬ 
tion  shall  not  be  considered  a  defect  under 
this  classification. 


SIZES 

17.  All  rough  timber,  except  No.  1 
Common,  must  be  full  size  when  green. 
One-quarter  inch  shall  be  allowed  for 
each  side  surfaced. 

LENGTHS 

18.  Standard  lengths  are  multiples  of 
two  feet,  eight  to  twenty  feet,  inclusive; 
extra  lengths  are  multiples  of  two  feet, 
twenty-two  feet  and  longer.  When  lineal 
average  is  specified,  standard  of  lengths 
shall  be  multiples  of  one  foot. 

12 


GRADES  OF  TIMBERS 


HEART  TIMBERS 

19.  All  timber  specifications,  except 
“Merchantable”  and  “Select  Structural 
Timbers”  specifying  heart  requirements, 
shall  be  considered  as  a  special  contract, 
and  shall  specify  whether  the  heart  re¬ 
quirements  refer  to  surface  or  girth 
measurements  in  each  piece. 


No.  1  COMMON  TIMBERS 

20.  May  be  either  Dense  or  Sound 
Pine. 

21.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  this 
grade  will  admit  any  amount  of  sap  wood. 

22.  Common  Timbers,  rough,  4x4  and 
larger,  may  be  %"  scant  in  either  or 
both  of  its  dimensions,  shall  be  well 
manufactured  and  may  have  1W  wane 
on  one  comer  one- third  the  length  of  the 
piece,  or  its  equivalent  on  two  or  more 
comers,  the  wane  measured  on  its  face. 

23.  Timbers  10x10  in  size  may  have 
2"  wane  as  above;  the  larger  sizes  may 
have  wane  as  above  in  proportion  to 
sizes. 


13 


24.  Common  Timbers  may  contain 
sound  knots  and  pith  knots,  provided  that 
the  diameter  of  any  one  knot  shall  not 
exceed  the  following  in  size: 


2"  in  4x  4  to  6x  6; 
23/2"  in  6x  8  to  8x10; 
3"  in  10x10  to  10x12; 
3 y2"  in  12x12  to  12x14; 
4”  in  14x14  to  14x16; 
43^"  in  16x16  to  16x18. 


In  sizes  not  mentioned  the  diameter  of 
knots  admissible  will  increase  or  decrease 
in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  timbers 
on  same  basis  as  above  specified. 

25.  In  determining  the  size  of  knots, 
mean  or  average  diameter  shall  be  taken, 
or  the  equivalent  of  the  above  in  grouped 
knots  at  any  one  point. 

26.  Will  admit  shakes  extending  one- 
sixth  the  length  of  the  piece,  round  or 
ring  shakes,  unsound  knots  13^2  inch  or 
less  in  diameter,  a  limited  number  of  pin 
worm  holes,  well  scattered,  sap  stain  and 
seasoning  checks.  Unless  otherwise  speci¬ 
fied,  this  grade  will  admit  any  amount 
of  sap  stain. 


14 


SQUARE  EDGE  AND  SOUND 
TIMBERS 


27.  May  be  either  Dense  or  Sound 
Pine. 

28.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  this 
grade  will  admit  any  amount  of  sapwood. 

29.  Square  Edge  and  Sound  Timbers 
shall  be  well  manufactured  and  shall  be 
free  from  defects  such  as  injurious  ring 
or  round  shakes  and  through  shakes  that 
extend  to  the  surface,  unsound  and  loose 
knots  and  knots  in  groups  that  will  ma¬ 
terially  impair  the  strength,  and  shall 
be  free  from  wane.  Seasoning  checks 
and  sap  stain  shall  not  be  considered 
defects. 


MERCHANTABLE  TIMBERS 

30.  May  be  either  Dense  or  Sound 
Pine. 

31.  All  Merchantable  Timbers  shall 
be  well  manufactured  and  shall  be  free 
from  defects  such  as  injurious  ring  and 
round  shakes  and  through  shakes  that 
extend  to  the  surface,  unsound  and  loose 
knots,  and  knots  in  groups  that  will 
materially  impair  the  strength.  Season¬ 
ing  checks  and  sap  stain  shall  not  be 
considered  defects. 


15 


32.  Sizes  under  9"  on  the  largest  di¬ 
mension,  shall  show  two-thirds  or  more 
heart  surface  on  one  of  the  wide  faces; 
sizes  9"  and  over  on  the  largest  dimension 
shall  show  two-thirds  or  more  heart  on 
both  of  the  wide  faces.  When  sticks  are 
square  the  face  showing  the  most  heart 
shall  govern  the  inspection  on  sizes  under 
9"  and  the  two  faces  showing  the  most 
heart  shall  govern  the  inspection  when  9" 
and  over.  Heart  showing  the  full  length, 
even  if  not  two-thirds  of  the  area  as 
above,  shall  meet  the  requirements  of 
this  quality. 

33.  Wane  not  exceeding  one-eighth  of 
the  dimension  of  the  face  and  one- 
quarter  of  the  length  of  the  piece  on  one 
corner,  or  the  equivalent  on  two  or  more 
comers  on  not  to  exceed  ten  per  cent  of 
the  pieces,  shall  be  admitted. 


16 


SELECT  STRUCTURAL 
MATERIAL 


(A  rule  incorporating  suggestions  by 
the  United  States  Forest  Service.) 

REQUIREMENTS  FOR  DENSITY  AND 
RATE  OF  GROWTH 

34.  Shall  contain  only  sound  wood  and 
be  well  manufactured. 

Shall  conform  to  the  definition  of 
Dense  Southern  Pine  as  adopted  by  the 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 
August  21st,  1915,  shown  on  page  6. 

35.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  Se¬ 
lect  Structural  Material  shall  show  85 
per  cent  of  heart,  girth  measurement, 
measured  anywhere  in  the  length  of  the 
piece.  Any  greater  or  less  requirement 
as  to  heart  shall  be  expressed  in  terms 
of  per  cent  of  girth  measurement. 
Sap  stain  is  not  a  defect  in  this  grade. 

36.  For  the  purpose  of  determining 
whether  any  given  piece  meets  the  re¬ 
quirements  for  density  and  rate  of  growth, 
the  following  rule,  suggested  by  the 
United  States  Forest  Service,  shall  be 
applied.  It  will  be  sufficient  if  either  end 
passes  the  inspection. 

17 


(1)  Pith  Present  or  Accurately  Located 

(A)  Radial  line  of  5"  present. 

(a)  Apply  inspection  over  third, 
fourth  and  fifth  inches.  (See 
Insert  Fig.  3.) 

(B)  Radial  line  of  5"  not  present. 

(a)  Apply  inspection  to  the 
second  inch  on  2x3,  2x4,  2x6, 
3x3,  3x4,  4x4,  or  any  other 
dimension  material  that  has 
less  than  16  square  inches 
on  the  cross  section.  (See 
Insert  Fig.  4.) 

(b)  In  the  larger  material  apply 
inspection  to  the  3  inches 
farthest  from  the  pith.  (See 
Insert  Fig.  5.) 

(2)  Pith  Not  Present  or  Cannot  be  Ac¬ 
curately  Located. 

(A)  Material  over  3"  thick  apply  in¬ 
spection  to  three  inches  nearest 
the  pith.  (See  Insert  Fig.  6.) 

(B)  Dimension  material  3"  or  less  in 
thickness  apply  inspection  to  sec¬ 
ond  inch  of  the  piece  nearest  the 
pith.  (See  Insert  Fig.  7.) 

(3)  The  Radial  Line  Chosen  Shall  Show 
a  Representative  Number  of  Annual 
Rings  of  Growth  and  Per  Cent  of 
Summer  Wood. 

18 


Restrictions  on  Knots  in  Beams 

37.  Shall  not  have  in  Volume  1  sound 
knots  greater  in  diameter  than  one-fourth 
the  width  of  the  face  on  which  they  ap¬ 
pear — maximum  knot  1  Yi" .  Shall  not 
have  in  Volume  2  sound  knots  greater  in 
diameter  than  one-half  the  width  of  the 
face  on  which  they  appear — maximum 
knot  3".  (See  Insert  Fig.  8.) 

38.  The  aggregate  diameter  of  all  knots 
within  the  center  half  of  the  length  of 
any  face  shall  not  exceed  the  width  of 
that  face. 

39.  The  diameter  of  a  knot  on  the  nar¬ 
row  or  horizontal  face  of  a  beam  is  to  be 
taken  as  its  projection  on  a  line  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  the  edge  of  the  timber.  On  the 
wide  or  vertical  face,  the  smallest  dimen¬ 
sion  of  a  knot  is  to  be  taken  as  its  diam¬ 
eter.  (See  Insert  Fig.  9.) 

Restrictions  on  Knots  in  Columns 

40.  Shall  not  have  sound  knots  greater 
in  diameter  than  one-third  the  least  width 
of  the  column — maximum  knots  4  inches. 

Restrictions  on  Shakes  and  Checks 
In  Beams 

41.  Round  or  ring  shakes  shall  not  oc¬ 
cupy,  at  either  end  of  a  timber,  more  than 

19 


one-fourth  the  width  of  green  material, 
nor  more  than  one-third  the  width  of 
seasoned  material.  (See  Insert  Figs.  1 
and  10.) 

42.  Any  combination  of  checks  and 
shakes  which  would  reduce  the  strength 
to  a  greater  extent  than  the  allowable 
round-shakes  will  not  be  permitted. 
Shakes  shall  not  show  on  the  faces  of 
either  green  or  seasoned  timber.  (See 
Insert  Fig.  11.) 

Restrictions  on  Cross  Grain  in  Beams 

43.  Shall  not  have  diagonal  grain  with 
slope  greater  than  one  in  twenty  in  Vol¬ 
ume  1.  (See  Insert  Fig.  12.) 


t 


20 


21 


V 


UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
AT  URBAN A-CHAMPAIGN 
BOOKSTACKS 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  TIMBER 
GRADES. 


For  the  purpose  of  branding  timbers 
with  the  names  of  the  Grades  it  is  recom¬ 
mended  that  the  following  abbreviations 
be  used: 

SQ  EDG-SD — Square  Edge  and  Sound. 

NO  1  COM  — No.  1  Common. 

MERCH  — Merchantable. 

SEL  STRUC  —Select  Structural. 


This  book  will  be  re-issued  occasionally  to  take  care  of  all  changes,  cancellations 
and  additions. 

In  order  that  you  may  be  certain  of  always  having  the  LATEST  SPECIFICA- 


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£ 

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WE  WILL  PUT  THE  ABOVE  ADDRESS  ON  OUR  MAILING  LIST 


* 


OIACRAMS  ILLUSTRATING  RULES  OF  UNITED  STATES  FOREST  SERVICE  FOR  CRADINC  STRENCTH  OF  SOUTHERN  YELLOW  PINE  TIMBERS 


MEASUREMENT 


ONE-THIRD  SUMMERWOOD 


5l'ARF  CONTRAST  POOR  CONTRAST 

ACCEPTED  REJECTED 


OF  SUM 

PITH  PRESENT  OR  LOCATED 


WOOD 

PITH  NOT  PRESENT 


REJECTED 


RING-SHAKES 

ACCEPTED 
8 


REJECTED 

SHAKE  SHOWS  ON  FACE 


CHECKS 


FIG.  11 


MEASUREMENT 

ROUND  KNOTS 


OF  KNOTS 

SPIKE  KNOTS 


U5.F0RF5T  PR0DUCT5  LABORATORY 


DIAGONAL  GRAIN 


direct  ion  or  grain  shown  by  split, checks  and  pitch-streaks. 
SLOPE  GREATER  than  I  IN  20  REJECTED  IF  IN  VOlUME  ONE. 

FIG.  12 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES  OF  THIS  BOOK  CAN 
BE  OBTAINED  FROM  THE 

Southern  Pine  Association 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


